Five years after SARS and the specter of the masked palm civet have faded from China's collective consciousness, consumption of wildlife – including threatened and endangered species – is back on the rise, according to a report released last week by the international wildlife trade monitoring organization Traffic.

The report, "The State of Wildlife Trade in China", concluded that medicinal plant and animal populations were under threat from widespread habitat loss combined with 10 percent annual growth of the Traditional Chinese Medicine market. Between 15 and 20 percent of medicinal plants and animals are now endangered, according to the report.

Kunming and five other cities – Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Harbin and Chengdu – were the subjects of consumer attitude surveys conducted by Traffic in 2007. The report found that the belief that wild animals in particular were unpolluted and special, serving as an emotional motivator for consuming wildlife, while the nourishing and tonic aspects of wild animals served as a 'functional' motivator.

Forty-four percent of respondents of the survey, conducted from December 2007 to February 2008, said they had consumed wildlife within the previous 12 months. Within this group, 36 percent said they had consumed wildlife as food, while 16 percent had consumed wildlife in medicines or tonics. Respondents with high levels of income and education were found to be more likely to consume wildlife.

Not surprisingly, Guangzhou residents consumed the most wildlife, followed by Kunming residents. They were followed by residents of Harbin and Chengdu, respectively.

Growing demand and diminishing supply of wildlife were cited in the report as alarming trends which demand shifts in current government policy toward endangered and threatened species.

While there is little chance of anyone eating a panda in China, enforcement of other less-protected animals around the country could be more effective.

An excellent local example of this ineffective enforcement is the protected kanglang fish which is widely available at restaurants around Fuxian Lake, 70 kilometers southeast of Kunming, and has become a famous local delicacy partly because it is increasingly rare and expensive.

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Fuxian Lake and the disappearing kanglang fish

Tags: Beijing, Chengdu, endangered species, environment, Fuxian Lake, Guangzhou, Harbin, kanglang fish, SARS, Shanghai, Traditional Chinese Medicine, wildlife

Just 65 kilometers south of Kunming, Fuxian Lake (抚仙湖) is China's second-deepest lake and Yunnan's deepest, reaching more than 150 meters below the surface. This depth gives the water a striking cobalt color. We arrived at Fuxian Lake's windy north shore, the vast body of water feeling more like a sea than a lake.

Fuxian Lake officially opened for tourism in 1988. Development was slow and steady during the early years, but as more and more Chinese have the time and resources for vacations, activity around the lake is picking up.

One of the developments, Luchong, is a small half-built resort town. Bulky and brightly colored pedal boats line the beach. Along the boardwalk, there are four-wheelers for rent while gangs of local men stroll along the boardwalk, cigarettes dangling from their lips. Dissonant Karaoke sounds blare out from lakeside tents. Snack vendors selling shrimp on a stick are lit from the glow of carnival lights.

In the restaurants of Luchong, there are dozens of kinds of fish on offer. Perhaps the most unique is the kanglang fish (抗浪鱼), aka Schizothorax taliensis, a once-plentiful fish found exclusively in Fuxian Lake. The fish are only 10 centimeters long - it would take at least a dozen or so to make a meal. Despite its status as a second-level protected animal locals stew kanglang in copper pots and serve it with chili pepper.


In recent years Fuxian Lake's kanglang population has dwindled drastically, a trend reflected on local restaurant menus in which the fish go for as much as 2,000-3,000 yuan per jin - roughly half a kilogram. The price of Kanglang Fish has risen 125,000% in the last ten years. In the mid-nineties a pair of kanglang cost eight fen, or one-one hundredth of a yuan. Today they cost around 100 yuan.

Every May until 1998 Fuxian's kanglang would hatch in such massive numbers that they would change the usual deep blue water to the fish's silvery-white color. Area resident Yang Lan, explained what May was once like on Fuxian Lake.

"We didn't even usually eat kanglang back then. I personally preferred shrimp," she said. "We'd all go out in wooden boats to watch the kanglang and take pictures. They were everywhere - we used to catch them with our bare hands."


In the old fishing villages along the lake, you can still see the remains of what some locals jokingly call, "The Fish Festival". Large wicker containers roughly two meters in height once used for catching thousands of kanglang at a time now stand in the doorways of houses and temples, dry and brittle from disuse. Today, they are mere porch decoration.

On the streets of Luchong, there are a few theories about the disappearance of the kanglang, ranging from over-fishing to water pollution. However, the most interesting theory for the disappearance of the kanglang is the appearance of the silver fish (银鱼).

The story goes that in the late 1990s, a new species of fish, silver fish were introduced to the waters of Fuxian Lake. How they arrived and propagated so quickly is lost in legend. But some say the silver fish promptly began eating the eggs of the kanglang, decimating the fish's next generation. Regardless of the accuracy of this theory, these silver invaders are thriving in their new habitat.

Above Fuxian's deep waters, a world away from the kanglang's plight, life on the lake continues as it has for as long as anyone can remember. Fishermen lean back on the seawall, their poles bending forward toward the water. Children play in the choppy waves on the lake's edge.

Fuxian Lake (抚仙湖) is 65 kilometers south of Kunming and can be reached by bus in an hour and fifteen minutes. Buses leave from the East Long-Distance Bus Station (东部客运站) to Chengjiang (澄江) frequently and cost 15 yuan. Chengjiang is a town on the north end of Fuxian Lake. From there, you can hire a motorbike taxi for a few yuan to take you to the lakeside a few kilometers away.

Tags: environment, Fuxian Lake, kanglang fish

Finishing work on a trimaran hull

Kunming may be thought of as a mountain city, but it also has plenty of water nearby. Despite being landlocked, Kunming is a two-hour drive from several lakes including Dianchi Lake, Fuxian Lake and Yangzonghai Lake. Kunming is also the home of the famous 15th Century Chinese navigator Zheng He, who sailed as far as India, Africa and the Middle East - and who some think may be the legendary explorer Sinbad.

Today Zheng He would be proud to know that there are people trying to establish a new sailing tradition in Kunming. Dan Letton recently started a sailing instruction program called Sailing Adventures in Life Skills, or SAILS, which is aimed at providing Kunming residents and visitors with sailing instruction and experience. SAILS currently has one boat on Dianchi Lake and two on Fuxian Lake and offers daysailing and camping/cruising services as well.

Letton is a registered US Sailing Instructor and a Royal Yachting Association Skipper who has lived in Kunming for the last 14 years. As far as he knows, he is also the only person currently engaging in recreational sailing on Dianchi Lake or Fuxian Lake. This seems likely to change in the next few years as there is already a ban on gas-powered motors on Fuxian Lake and a similar ban is planned for Dianchi Lake.

Sailing on Fuxian Lake

Why keep a sailboat on the super-polluted Dianchi Lake instead of putting them all on the clean and beautiful Fuxian Lake? Letton says that his boat on Dianchi Lake is meant to raise local awareness of the lake's situation.

"Everyone I talk to about Dianchi says, 'It's dead' and just shrugs their shoulders," Letton said. "What if people had taken the same attitude toward Lake Huron [in the US] years ago when it was having problems? Nothing would have been done - but today the lake is much cleaner than before."

Letton said that although the northern part of Dianchi Lake near Kunming has serious pollution problems, he has found some relatively clean areas in the southern end of the lake. Fuxian Lake is a much different story, he says, as government officials in charge of the lake have moved to protect the quality of the lake's water and to prevent reckless development on the lake's shores.

Letton's boats are all made in Kunming - he now has a small shop in the Xishan district where he and his assistants make trimarans, or three-hulled sailboats. The boats are made of wood and use bamboo masts. In addition to making sailboats for use by SAILS, Letton also builds boats for purchase, with prices for a 5-meter trimaran beginning at 30,000 yuan. Sailing courses through SAILS run 1,000 yuan for 20 hours of beginning or intermediate courses. Daysailing is 50 yuan/hour per person or 500 yuan/day.

Yunnan SAILS
Dan Letton
(0871) 6151194
13888806714
yunnansails-at-yahoo.com

Tags: Dan Letton, Dianchi Lake, Fuxian Lake, sailing, sports, Yunnan SAILS